The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or
"things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data. The
Internet of Things allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across
existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct
integration between the physical world and computer-based systems, and
resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit. Each thing is
uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to interpenetrate within the existing Internet infrastructure.
Lets understand this further A thing, in the Internet of
Things, can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm animal with a bio chip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the
driver when tire pressure is low -- or any other natural or man-made object
that can be assigned an IP address and provided with the ability to transfer
data over a network. So far, the Internet of Things has been most closely
associated with machine-to-machine (M2M) communication in manufacturing and
power, oil and gas utilities. Products built with M2M communication
capabilities are often referred to as being smart. (See: smart label, smart
meter, smart grid sensor)
Business Angle - Today computers -- and, therefore, the
Internet -- are almost wholly dependent on human beings for information. Nearly
all of the roughly 50 petabytes (a petabyte is 1,024 terabytes) of data
available on the Internet were first captured and created by human beings by
typing, pressing a record button, taking a digital picture or scanning a bar
code.
The problem is, people have limited time, attention and
accuracy -- all of which means they are not very good at capturing data about
things in the real world. If we had computers that knew everything there was to
know about things -- using data they gathered without any help from us -- we
would be able to track and count everything and greatly reduce waste, loss and
cost. We would know when things needed replacing, repairing or recalling and
whether they were fresh or past their best.
Although the concept wasn't named until 1999, the Internet
of Things has been in development for decades. The first Internet appliance,
for example, was a Coke machine at Carnegie Melon University in the early
1980s. The programmers could connect to the machine over the Internet, check
the status of the machine and determine whether or not there would be a cold
drink awaiting them, should they decide to make the trip down to the machine.
Integration with the Internet implies that devices will use
an IP address as a unique identifier. However, due to the limited address space
of IPv4 (which allows for 4.3 billion unique addresses), objects in the IoT
will have to use IPv6 to accommodate the extremely large address space
required. Objects in the IoT will not only be devices with sensory
capabilities, but also provide actuation capabilities (e.g., bulbs or locks
controlled over the Internet). To a large extent, the future of the Internet of
Things will not be possible without the support of IPv6 and consequently the
global adoption of IPv6 in the coming years will be critical for the successful
development of the IoT in the future.
The ability to network embedded devices with limited CPU,
memory and power resources means that IoT finds applications in nearly every
field. Such systems could be in charge of collecting information in settings
ranging from natural ecosystems to buildings and factories, thereby finding
applications in fields of environmental sensing and urban planning.
On the other hand, IoT systems could also be responsible for
performing actions, not just sensing things. Intelligent shopping systems, for
example, could monitor specific users' purchasing habits in a store by tracking
their specific mobile phones. These users could then be provided with special
offers on their favorite products, or even location of items that they need,
which their fridge has automatically conveyed to the phone. Additional examples
of sensing and actuating are reflected in applications that deal with heat,
electricity and energy management, as well as cruise-assisting transportation
systems. Another excellent application that the Internet of Things brings to the
picture is home security solutions. Home automation is also a major step
forward when it comes to applying IoT. All these advances add to the numerous lists
of IoT applications. Now with IoT, you can control the electrical devices
installed in your house while you are sorting out your files in office. Your
water will be warm as soon as you get up in the morning for the shower. All
credit goes to smart devices which make up the smart home. Everything connected
with the help of Internet.
However, the application of the IoT is not only restricted
to these areas. Other specialized use cases of the IoT may also exist. An
overview of some of the most prominent application areas is provided here.
Based on the application domain, IoT products can be classified broadly into
five different categories: smart wearable, smart home, smart city, smart
environment, and smart enterprise. The IoT products and solutions in each of
these markets have different characteristics.
In order to hone the manner in which the Internet of Things
(IoT), the Media and Big Data are interconnected, it is first necessary to
provide some context into the mechanism used for media process. Media approach Big Data as many actionable
points of information about millions of individuals. The industry appears to be
moving away from the traditional approach of using specific media environments
such as newspapers, magazines, or television shows and instead tap into
consumers with technologies that reach targeted people at optimal times in
optimal locations. The ultimate aim is of course to serve, or convey, a message
or content that is (statistically speaking) in line with the consumer's
mindset. For example, publishing environments are increasingly tailoring
messages (advertisements) and content (articles) to appeal to consumers that
have been exclusively gleaned through various data-mining activities.
The media industries process Big Data in a dual,
interconnected manner:
Marketing of
consumers (for advertising by marketers) Data-capture : Thus, the internet
of things creates an opportunity to measure, collect and analyze an
ever-increasing variety of behavioral statistics. Cross-correlation of this
data could revolutionize the targeted marketing of products and services.[55]
For example, the combination of
analytics for conversion tracking with behavioral targeting has unlocked a new
level of precision that enables display advertising to be focused on the
devices of people with relevant interests.[56] Big Data and the IoT work in
conjunction. From a media perspective, Data is the key derivatives of device
inter connectivity, whilst being pivotal in allowing clearer accuracy in
targeting. The Internet of Things therefore transforms the media industry,
companies and even governments, opening up a new era of economic growth and
competitiveness. The wealth of data generated by this industry (i.e. Big Data)
will allow Practitioners in Advertising and Media to gain an elaborate layer on
the present targeting mechanisms used by the industry.
Environmental
monitoring: Applications of the IoT typically use sensors to assist in
environmental protection by monitoring air or water quality, atmospheric or
soil conditions and can even include areas like monitoring the movements of
wildlife and their habitats. Development of resource constrained devices
connected to the Internet also means that other applications like earthquake or
tsunami early-warning systems can also be used by emergency services to provide
more effective aid. IoT devices in this application typically span a large
geographic area and can also be mobile.
Infrastructure
management : Monitoring and controlling operations of urban and rural
infrastructures like bridges, railway tracks, on- and offshore- wind-farms is a
key application of the IoT. The IoT infrastructure can be used for monitoring
any events or changes in structural conditions that can compromise safety and
increase risk. It can also be used for scheduling repair and maintenance
activities in an efficient manner, by coordinating tasks between different
service providers and users of these facilities. IoT devices can also be used
to control critical infrastructure like bridges to provide access to ships.
Usage of IoT devices for monitoring and operating infrastructure is likely to
improve incident management and emergency response coordination, and quality of
service, up-times and reduce costs of operation in all infrastructure related
areas.[62] Even areas such as waste management stand to benefit from automation
and optimization that could be brought in by the IoT.
Manufacturing : Network
control and management of manufacturing equipment, asset and situation
management, or manufacturing process control bring the IoT within the realm on
industrial applications and smart manufacturing as well.[64] The IoT
intelligent systems enable rapid manufacturing of new products, dynamic
response to product demands, and real-time optimization of manufacturing
production and supply chain networks, by networking machinery, sensors and
control systems together.
Digital control systems to automate process controls,
operator tools and service information systems to optimize plant safety and
security are within the purview of the IoT.[61] But it also extends itself to
asset management via predictive maintenance, statistical evaluation, and
measurements to maximize reliability.[65] Smart industrial management systems
can also be integrated with the Smart Grid, thereby enabling real-time energy
optimization. Measurements, automated controls, plant optimization, health and
safety management, and other functions are provided by a large number of
networked sensors.
Energy Management
: Integration of sensing and actuation systems, connected to the Internet, is
likely to optimize energy consumption as a whole. It is expected that IoT
devices will be integrated into all forms of energy consuming devices
(switches, power outlets, bulbs, televisions, etc.) and be able to communicate
with the utility supply company in order to effectively balance power
generation and energy usage. Such devices would also offer the opportunity for
users to remotely control their devices, or centrally manage them via a cloud
based interface, and enable advanced functions like scheduling (e.g., remotely
powering on or off heating systems, controlling ovens, changing lighting
conditions etc.).In fact, a few systems that allow remote control of electric
outlets are already available in the market.
And various such data intensive systems.
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